Hegemony or
Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance
by Noam Chomsky
Research Notes
NOTES TO CHAPTER 1
1
Ernst Mayr,
“Can SETI Succeed? Not Likely,” Bioastronomy News 7,
no. 3 (1995). Online at: http://www.hcc.hawaii.edu/~pine/mayr.htm.
2
Donald Kennedy, “The Climate
Divide,” Science 299, no. 5614
(2003): p. 1813.
3
Howard LaFranchi,
“At the UN, It’s Not Just about
4
Patrick E. Tyler, “A New
Power in the Streets,” New York Times,
5
For sources on Wilsonian idealism and seventeenth century, see my Deterring Democracy (London and New
York: Verso, 1991; extended edition, New York: Hill and Wang, 1992), chapter
12, and my Profit over People: Neoliberalism and Global Order (New York: Seven Stories
Press, 1999), chapter 2. For a more extensive discussion and contemporary
scholarly sources, see my “Consent without Consent: Reflections on the Theory
and Practice of Democracy,” Cleveland
State Law Review 44, no. 4 (1996): pp. 415–37. Minor changes (punctuation,
etc.) are introduced here for ease of reading.
6
Cited by David S. Foglesong, America’s
Secret War against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War,
1917–1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), p. 28.
7
Andrew J. Bacevich, American
Empire: The Realities and Consequences of
8
Michel Crozier,
Samuel P. Huntington, and Joji Watanuki,
The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission
(New York: New York University Press, 1975).
9
Randal Marlin, Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion
(
10
For discussion of this vast
disinformation campaign, see my Culture
of Terrorism (Boston: South End Press, 1988) and my Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies
(Boston: South End Press, 1989), which draw particularly on the important but
mostly neglected exposés by Alfonso Chardy of the Miami Herald and later official sources.
11
On the narrow limits of
permitted discussion, see my Necessary
Illusions, op. cit. For case
studies over a wider range, see Edward S. Herman and Noam
Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The
Political Economy of the Mass Media, updated ed. (
12
Latin American
Documentation, Torture in
13
Juan Hernández
Pico, Envío
(
NOTES TO CHAPTER 2
1
White House, The National Security Strategy of the
2
G. John Ikenberry,
“
(September–October 2002):
pp. 44ff.
3
On this crucial distinction,
see Carl Kaysen et al., War with
4
Steven R. Weisman,
“Pre-emption: Idea with a Lineage Whose Time Has Come,” New York Times,
5
Arthur Schlesinger Jr.,
“Good Foreign Policy a Casualty of War,”
6
Richard Falk, “Resisting the
Global Domination Project,” interview with Zia Mian and Smitu Kothari, Frontline
(
7
Michael J. Glennon, “Why the Security Council Failed,” Foreign Affairs 82, no. 3 (May–June 2003): pp. 16ff. (online at:
http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20030501faessay11217/michael-j-glennon/why-the-security-council-failed.html),
and “The New Interventionism: The Search for a Just International Law,” Foreign Affairs 78, no. 3 (May–June 1999): pp. 2ff.
8
Dana Milbank, “Bush Remarks
Confirm Shift in Justification for War,”
9
Dean Acheson, Proceedings of
the American Society of International Law, nos. 13 and 14 (1963). Abraham
D. Sofaer, “The
10
Bill Clinton, address to the
United Nations,
11
Memorandum of the War and
Peace Studies Project of the Council on Foreign Relations, with State
Department participation, 19 October 1940; Laurence H. Shoup
and William Minter, Imperial Brain Trust:
The Council on Foreign Relations and United States Foreign Policy (New
York: Monthly Review Press, 1977): pp. 130ff.
12
See Bacevich,
American Empire, op. cit., for
unusually strong claims in this regard.
13
George W. Bush, State of the
Union address, transcribed in the New
York Times,
14
Condoleezza Rice, interview
by Wolf Blitzer, Late Edition, CNN,
15
Christian
Science Monitor–TIPP poll: Howard LaFranchi,
“For Bush, Rising Bar on Iraq War,” Christian
Science Monitor,
16
Edward Alden, “Americans
Leave ‘Vietnam Syndrome’ Behind to Rally Behind President,” Financial Times (
17
Elisabeth Bumiller, “Cold Truths behind Pomp,” New York Times,
18
Jason Burke, “Focus: The
Return of Terror,” Observer (
19
News release, Program on
International Policy Attitudes (
20
Jeanne Cummings and Greg
Hite, “Bush Says War Ending, Looks to ’04,” Wall
Street Journal,
21
David E. Sanger and Steven
R. Weisman, “Bush’s Aides Envision New Influence in Region,” New York Times,
22
“War in
23
International Court of
Justice (ICJ), Corfu Channel Case (Merits), judgment of
24
See my New Military Humanism: Lessons from Kosovo (Monroe, Maine: Common
Courage Press, 1999).
25
See my New Generation Draws the Line: Kosovo,
26
Aryeh Dayan, “‘One Day in Five, the IDF Attempts Assassination,’”
Ha’aretz,
27
Amir
Oren, “Who’s the Boss?,” Ha’aretz,
28
Suzanne Nossel,
“Battle Hymn of the Democrats,” Fletcher
Forum of World Affairs 27, no. 1 (winter–spring 2003): pp. 71–82. Online
at: http://fletcher.tufts.edu/forum/Winter%202003/NosselFA.pdf.
29
Richard Wilson, “A Visit to
the Bombed Nuclear Reactor at
30
Neely Tucker, “Detainees
Seek Access to Courts,”
31
Ed Vulliamy,
“Red Cross Denied Access to PoWs,” Observer (
32
See p. 200 of Hegemony or Survival.
33
Jack M. Balkin,
“A Dreadful Act II: Secret Proposals in Ashcroft’s Anti-Terror War Strike Yet
Another Blow at Fundamental Rights,” Los
Angeles Times,
34
Winston Churchill cited by
A.W. Brian Simpson, Human Rights and the
End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention (
35
Kaysen et
al., War with Iraq, op. cit. Michael Krepon, “Dominators
Rule,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 59,
no. 1 (January–February 2003): pp. 55–60.
36
John Steinbruner
and Jeffrey Lewis, “The Unsettled Legacy of the Cold War,” Daedalus 131, no. 4 (fall 2002): pp. 5–10.
37
See my Year 501: The Conquest Continues (Boston: South End Press, 1993),
chapter 1.
38
James Morgan, “Rip van
Winkle’s New World Order,” Financial
Times (
39
Bush and Baker cited by Sam Husseini, “Why So Long for
40
Edward C. Luck, “Making the
World Safe for Hypocrisy,”
41
Elisabeth Bumiller and Carl Hulse, “Bush
Will Use Congress Vote to Press U.N.,” New
York Times,
42
Mark Turner and Roula Khalaf, “Powell ‘Not
Lobbying for Second Resolution,’” Financial
Times (
43
David E. Sanger and Warren Hoge, “Bush and 2 Allies Seem Set for War to Depose
Hussein,” New York Times,
44
“Excerpts from Bush’s News Conference on
45
Alison Mitchell and David E.
Sanger, “Bush to Put Case for Action in
46
“In Powell’s Words: Saddam
Hussein Remains Guilty,” New York Times,
47
Condoleezza Rice, “Campaign
2000: Promoting the National Interest,” Foreign
Affairs 79, no. 1
(January–February 2000): pp. 45ff., cited by John J. Mearsheimer
and Stephen M. Walt, “An Unnecessary War,” Foreign
Policy 134 (January–February 2003): pp. 50–59. Online at:
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/issue_janfeb_2003/walts.html.
Note that 9-11 had no effect on these risk assessments.
48
Dafna Linzer, AP, “Backers of US Hope for Payoff,”
49
Guy Dinmore
and Mark Turner, “US Uses Economic Muscle to Persuade Waverers
to Say Yes,” Financial Times (
50
Geneive Abdo, “US Offers Incentives for Backing on
51
Richard Boudreaux and John Hendren, “
52
Neil King Jr. and Jess Bravin, “
For Iraqi attitudes, see
Susannah Sirkin, “Baghdad Bombing: What Should We Do
Now?,” New York Times,
A later
53
G. John Ikenberry,
“
54
Samuel P. Huntington, “The
Lonely Superpower,” Foreign Affairs
78, no. 2 (March–April 1999): pp.
35ff. Robert Jervis, “Weapons Without Purpose? Nuclear Strategy in the
Post-Cold War Era,” Foreign Affairs
80, no. 4 (July–August 2001): pp. 143ff. Jervis online at:
http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010701fareviewessay5002/robert-jervis/weapons-without-purpose-nuclear-strategy-in-the-post-cold-war-era.html.
55
Kenneth Waltz in Ken Booth
and Tim Dunne, eds., Worlds in Collision:
Terror and the Future of Global Order (
56
Bernard B. Fall, Last Reflections on a War (Garden City,
N.Y.: Doubleday, 1967).
57
See my For Reasons of State (New York: Pantheon Books, 1973; New Press
2003), p. 25, for a review of the final material in the Pentagon Papers, which
ends at this point.
58
Maureen Dowd, “Bush Moves to
Control War’s Endgame,” New York Times,
59
World Economic Forum,
“Declining Public Trust Foremost a Leadership Problem,” news release (World
Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland), 14 January 2003. Online at:
http://www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Declining+Public+Trust+Foremost+a+Leadership+Problem.
Guy de Jonquières, “US Leaders Score 27% in Global
Trust Poll,” Financial Times (
60
Alan Cowell,
“World Forum, Back at Davos, Faces Tough Economic
Skiing,” New York Times,
61
“Powell on
62
Kaysen et
al., War with
63
Hans von Sponeck,
“Go On, Call Bush’s Bluff,” Guardian (
64
Ken Warn, “Canada Fears
‘Biggest Risk to World Peace’ on Its Doorstep,” Financial Times (
65
Glenn Kessler and Mike
Allen, “The Greater Threat? Around the Globe, People See Bush—Not Hussein—as
the Real Enemy,” Washington Post,
National Weekly edition,
66
See chapter 1, note 6, op.
cit. Woodrow Wilson, “Democracy and Efficiency,” Atlantic Monthly 87, no. 521 (March 1901): pp. 289–99, cited by Ido Oren, Our Enemies
and US: America’s Rivalries and the Making of Political Science (
67
Bacevich, American Empire, op. cit., pp. 215ff.
His emphasis.
68
John Stuart Mill. See p.
44–45 of Hegemony or Survival.
69
Andrew J. Bacevich, “Culture,
Globalization, and U.S. Foreign Policy,” review of Many Globalizations: Cultural Diversity in the Contemporary World,
edited by Peter L. Berger and Samuel P. Huntington, and Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress, edited by
Lawrence E. Harrison and Samuel P. Huntington, World Policy Journal 19, no. 3 (fall 2002): pp. 77–82. Online at:
http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/articles/wpj02-3/bacevich.html.
70
Michael J. Glennon, “Terrorism and ‘Intentional Ignorance,’” Christian Science Monitor,
71
Sebastian Mallaby, “Uneasy Partners,” review of The Clash: A History Of U.S.-Japan Relations, by Walter LaFeber, and Altered
States: The United States and Japan Since the Occupation, by Michael
Schaller, New York Times, 21
September 1997, sec. 7 (Book Review), p. 34. Michael Mandelbaum,
The Ideas That Conquered the World:
Peace, Democracy, and Free Markets in the Twenty-First Century (
72
Max Boot, “A War for Oil?
Not This Time,” New York Times,
73
On Mill’s essay and the circumstances in which it was written, see
my Peering into the Abyss of
the Future (
74
Henri Alleg
et al., La Guerre d’Algérie
(Paris: Temps actuels, 1981), cited in Youcef Bedjaoui, Abbas Aroua, and Meziane Ait-Larbi, eds., An Inquiry into the Algerian Massacres (Geneva,
Switzerland: Hoggar, 1999).
75
Walter LaFeber,
Inevitable Revolutions: The United States
in
76
Mohammad-
77
David F. Schmitz, Thank God They’re on Our Side: The
78
Soviet lawyers: see Sean D.
Murphy, Humanitarian Intervention: The
United Nations in an Evolving World Order (Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press, 1996). Kennedy administration: see my Rethinking Camelot: JFK, the Vietnam War, and
79
Ivan Maisky
cited in Vladimir O. Pechatnov, “Pechatnov’s
Interpretation of Ivan Maisky’s Report,” excerpts of
Cold War International History Project Working Paper Series, no. 13, The Big Three After World War II: New
Documents on Soviet Thinking about Post War Relations with the United States
and Great Britain (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center
for Scholars, May 1995). Online at:
http://wwics.si.edu/topics/pubs/ACF17F.PDF .
80
Cited by LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions, op. cit. Robert
W. Tucker, “Oil: The Issue of American Intervention,” Commentary 59, no. 1 (January 1975): pp. 21–31.
81
Cited by Mexican historian
José Fuentes Mares in Cecil Robinson, ed. and trans., The View from Chapultepec: Mexican Writers on
the Mexican-American War (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1989): p.
160.
82
Cited by William Stivers, Supremacy
and Oil:
83
Hans J. Morgenthau,
“Reflections on the End of the Republic,”
84
See regular Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International
reports and, among many publications, Javier Giraldo,
Colombia: The Genocidal Democracy (Monroe,
Maine: Common Courage Press, 1996), and Garry M. Leech, Killing Peace: Colombia’s Conflict and the Failure of U.S. Intervention
(New York: Information Network of the Americas [INOTA], 2002).
NOTES TO CHAPTER 3
1
Michael Wines, “Two Views of
Inhumanity Split the World, Even in Victory,” New York Times,
2
Charles Tilly,
Coercion, Capital, and
3
C. J. Chivers,
“Uprooted Iraqis See War as Path to Lost Homes,” New York Times,
4
In early August, the
bishop’s office in
5
On
6
The Australian-led UN
peacekeeping force entered as the Indonesian army was withdrawing. An even
earlier dispatch of forces would have been an “intervention” only in the sense
that US-British forces “intervened” in
7
Fromkin, Kosovo Crossing, op. cit.
8
Yaroslav Trofimov, “Uneasy Peace: U.N.’s Long Stay, Power in Kosovo
Stir Resentment,” Wall Street Journal,
9
Roland Paris, “Kosovo and
the Metaphor War,” Political Science
Quarterly 177, no. 3 (fall 2002): pp. 423–51.
10
Michael Mandelbaum,
The Ideas That Conquered the World,
op. cit., p. 193.
11
Timothy Garton
Ash, “Imagine No
12
For Robertson quotes and
discussion, see my New Generation Draws
the Line, op. cit., pp. 106–07. Statesment of Secretary of State for Foreign and
Commonwealth Affairs Robin Cook, House of Commons,
13
Nicholas J. Wheeler, Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention
in International Society (
14
Wesley K. Clark, Waging Modern War:
15
Bacevich, American Empire, op. cit.
16
Isa Blumi, “The Islamist Challenge in Kosova,”
Current History 102, no. 662 (March
2003): pp. 124–128.
17
Anne-Marie Slaughter, “Good
Reasons for Going Around the U.N.,” New
York Times,
18
Charles Bergquist
in Bergquist, Ricardo Peñaranda,
and Gonzalo Sánchez, eds., Violence in
19
Anthony Lewis, “The
Challenge of Global Justice Now,” Daedalus 132, no. 1 (winter
2003): pp. 5–9. Timorese
were regarded as “citizens of
20
“Tempering
21
Robert Cooper, “Why We Still
Need Empires,” Observer (
22
Robert Jervis, “Theories of War in an Era of Leading-Power Peace,”
Presidential Address of the American Political Science Association, 2001, American Political Science Review 96,
no. 1 (March 2002): pp. 1–14.
23
Dexter Perkins, The
24
Robert Lansing and Woodrow
Wilson cited in Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York: Pantheon Books,
1984), p. 47.
25
President Taft cited in
Jenny Pearce, Under the Eagle: U.S.
Intervention in Central America and the Caribbean (Boston: South End Press,
1982), p. 17.
26
David F. Schmitz, Thank God They’re on Our Side, op. cit.,
and The
27
Editorial, New York Times,
28
David Green, The Containment of
29
William Y. Elliot, ed., The Political Economy of American Foreign
Policy: Its Concepts, Strategy, and Limits, report by a study group
sponsored by the Woodrow Wilson Foundation and the National Planning
Association (New York: Holt, 1955), p. 42.
30
Schmitz, The
31
Oren, Our Enemies and US, op. cit.
32
Schmitz, The
33
See my Deterring Democracy, op. cit., chapter 11, and sources cited there.
Later material reviewed in my Year 501, op.
cit., chapter 2, and World Orders, Old
and New, extended edition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
34
Schmitz, Thank God They’re on Our Side, op. cit.,
p. 305.
35
Alan Tonelson,
“Why Things Turned Violent,” review of Confronting
the Third World: United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1980, by Gabriel Kolko, New York
Times, Sunday, 25 December 1988, sec. 7 (Book Review), p. 7.
36
Lansing and Wilson cited in
Lloyd C. Gardner, Safe for Democracy: The
Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913–1923 (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1984). Alex Carey, Taking
the Risk out of Democracy: Corporate Propaganda versus Freedom and Liberty
(Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1997).
37
Cited by Melvyn P. Leffler, A
Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the
Cold War (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1992), p. 78.
38
John Lewis Gaddis, The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History
of the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 10.
39
Mark Laffey,
“Discerning the Patterns of World Order: Noam Chomsky
and International Theory after the Cold War,” Review of International Studies 29 (forthcoming, 2003), a critical
account of the convention.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 4
1
Michael Krepon,
strategic analyst at the Henry L. Stimson Center,
cited by Faye Bowers and Howard LaFranchi, “Risk Rises
for a Reignited Arms Race,” Christian
Science Monitor, 31 December 2002, p. 1. Gary Hart and Warren B. Rudman (cochairs),
2
Marion Lloyd, “Soviets Close
to Using A-Bomb in 1962 Crisis, Forum Is Told,” Boston Globe, 13 October 2002, sec. A, p. 20. Kevin Sullivan, “40
Years After Missile Crisis, Players Swap Stories in
3
Eisenhower quoted in Matthew
Evangelista, Cold War International History Project Working Paper Series, no.
10 “Why Keep Such an Army?”: Khrushchev’s
Troop Reductions (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, December 1997). Online
at:
http://wwics.si.edu/topics/pubs/ACFB43.pdf.
4
Lloyd, “Soviets Close to Using
A-Bomb in 1962 Crisis,” op. cit.
5
Raymond L. Garthoff, Reflections
on the Cuban Missile Crisis (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution,
1987), pp. 83, 89, 86, 37. Emphasis his. Warheads of course remained under US
control.
6
The leading US government
scholar recognized that the only “mass-based political party in South Vietnam
was the National Liberation Front and that the US must resort to violence to
destroy it.” Douglas Eugene Pike, Viet
Cong: The Organization and Techniques of the National Liberation Front of South
Vietnam (Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1966). In Indonesia, the main target of the huge US-backed slaughter in
1965 was the PKI, which developed a “mass base among the peasantry” through its
“vigor in defending the interests of the . . . poor.” Harold Crouch, Army and Politics in Indonesia (Ithaca,
N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1978), pp. 351, 155.
7
William Safire, “Irrefutable
and Undeniable,” New York Times, 6
February 2003, sec. A, p. 39. Adam Clymer, “A Reprise of 1962, with Less Electricity,”
New York Times, 6 February 2003, sec.
A, p. 17.
8
Adlai E. Stevenson III,
“Different Man, Different Moment,” New
York Times, 7 February 2003, sec. A, p. 25.
9
Thomas Paterson, “Cuba and
the Missile Crisis” in Paterson and Merrill, eds., Major Problems, op. cit.
10
Ernest R. May and Philip D. Zelikow, eds., The
Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House during the Cuban Missile Crisis (Cambridge:
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1997), p. 263.
11
Frank Costigliola,
“Kennedy, the European Allies, and the Failure to Consult,” Political Science Quarterly 110, no. 1 (spring 1995): pp. 105–23. Costigliola in Thomas G. Paterson, ed., Kennedy’s Quest for Victory: American
Foreign Policy, 1961–1963 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989). The
senior adviser, not clearly identified, may be Dean Acheson or Mike Mansfield.
12
Paterson, “Cuba and the
Missile Crisis,” op. cit.
13
Morris H. Morley, Imperial State and Revolution: The United
States and Cuba, 1952–1986 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University
Press, 1987). See Daniele Ganser,
Reckless Gamble: The Sabotage of the
United Nations in the Cuban Conflict and the Missile Crisis of 1962 (New
Orleans: University Press of the South, 2000), and Stephen M. Streeter, Managing the Counterrevolution: The United
States and Guatemala, 1954–1961 (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for
International Studies, 2000).
14
“A Program of Covert Action
against the Castro Regime,” 16 March 1960, declassified 9 April 1998. Text
published in Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, SHAFR Newsletter 33, no. 3 (September
2002). Online at:
http://shafr.history.ohio-state.edu/Newsletter/2002/SEP/covert.htm.
15
British Cable No. 2455, from
Washington to British Foreign Office, 24 November 1959. Online at:
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/bayofpigs/19591124.pdf.
See chapter 3, note 26, of Hegemony or
Survival.
16
Arthur Schlesinger,
Memorandum for the President, 11 February 1961, cited in Foreign Relations of the United States 1961-1963, vol. X, document
31M. Online at:
http://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/frusX/31_45.html.
17
Thomas Paterson in Paterson,
ed., Kennedy’s Quest, op. cit. For the full texts, see Mark J. White,
ed., The Kennedys
and Cuba: The Declassified Documentary History, rev. ed. (Chicago: Ivan R.
Dee, 2001), pp. 37ff.
18
May and Zelikow,
eds., The Kennedy Tapes, op. cit., p.
134; 18 October 1962, during an internal discussion on the use of force during
the missile crisis.
19
May and Zelikow,
eds., The Kennedy Tapes, op. cit., p.
ix. On the US takeover under the guise of liberation, see Louis A. Pérez, Jr., The War
of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (Chapel
Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998).
20
Piero Gleijeses, Conflicting
Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976 (Chapel Hill, N.C.:
University of North Carolina Press, 2002), p. 16. The quoted phrase is Arthur
Schlesinger’s, referring to the goals of Robert Kennedy, in Arthur M.
Schlesinger, Jr., Robert Kennedy and His
Times (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978), pp. 477–80.
21
Jorge I. Domínguez,
“The @#$%& Missile Crisis: (Or, What Was ‘Cuban’ About U.S. Decisions
during the Cuban Missile Crisis?),” Diplomatic
History 24, no. 2 (spring 2000): pp. 305–15. Gleijeses,
Conflicting Missions, pp. 402–03.
Online at:
http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~jidoming/images/jid_missile.PDF.
22
White, ed., The Kennedys and
Cuba, op. cit., pp. 71, 95ff., 106, 115ff.
23
Tim Weiner, “The Cuban
Missile Crisis: When the World Stood on Edge And Nobody Died Beautifully,” New York Times, Sunday, 13 October 2002,
sec. 4, p. 7, citing a February 1962 memorandum; also cited by AP, “US Data
Show a Plan to Lure Cuba to War,” Boston
Globe, 30 January 1998.
24
L. L. Lemnitzer,
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Memorandum for the Secretary of Defense,
“Justification for the US Military Intervention in Cuba (TS),” Operation Northwoods, 13 March 1962. Online at:
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/news/20010430/northwoods.pdf.
25
Paterson in Kennedy’s Quest, op. cit.
26
Garthoff, Reflections, op.
cit., pp. 16ff.
27
Garthoff, Reflections, op.
cit., pp. 78–79, 108–09.
28
Memorandum of 12 November
1962 cited by Gleijeses, Conflicting Missions, op. cit., p. 25. Garthoff,
Reflections, op. cit., pp. 91, 98.
29
Domínguez, Diplomatic History, op. cit. May and Zelikow,
eds., The Kennedy Tapes, op. cit., p. 66.
30
“Thirty Years of Fidel
Castro,” editorial, New York Times, 2
January 1989, sec. 1, p. 22.
31
Reuters, Boston Globe,
15 October 1992. Juan O. Tamayo,
“Cuban Hotels Were Bombed by Miami-Paid Salvadorans,” Miami Herald, 16 November 1997, sec. A, p. 1; Tamayo,
“’94 Bombings against Honduran Leader May Be Linked to Anti-Castro Plot,” Miami Herald, 28 September 1997, sec. A,
p. 1. Andrew Cawthorne, “US Foundation [CANF] Is
Implicated in 1997 Bombings in Cuba,” Boston
Globe, 12 March 1999. Ann Louise Bardach and
Larry Rohter, “Taking Aim at Castro, Key Cuba Foe
Claims Exiles’ Backing, New York Times,
12 July 1998, sec. 1, p. 1. Bardach and Rohter, “Decades of Intrigue: Life in the Shadows, Trying
to Bring Down Castro,” New York Times,
13 July 1998, sec. A, p. 1. Anya Landau and Wayne
Smith, “Cuba on the Terrorist List: In Defense of the Nation or Domestic
Political Calculation?,” International Policy Report (Center for International
Policy), November 2002.
32
Duncan Campbell, “Convicted
Cuban ‘Spies’ to Tell US Appeal Court They Were Framed,” Guardian (London), 7 April 2003, p. 15. For an analysis of the
charges and background, see William Blum, “Which Cuban Terrorists? Theirs or
Ours?,” Counterpunch, 1 September
2002.
33
Ruth Leacock,
Requiem for Revolution: The United States
and Brazil, 1961–1969 (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1990), p. 33.
34
May and Zelikow,
eds., The Kennedy Tapes, op. cit., p.
91.
35
Morris Morley and Chris McGillion, Unfinished
Business (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p.
223n.
36
Morley and Chris McGillion, Unfinished
Business, op. cit., p. 153. See my Necessary
Illusions, op. cit., pp. 177, 101. Shirley Christian, “U.S. Sends Aid to
Nicaragua as Death Toll Rises,” New York
Times, 4 September 1992, sec. A, p. 6.
37
David E. Sanger, “U.S. Won’t Offer Trade Testimony on Cuba
Embargo,” New York Times, 21 February
1997, sec. A, p. 1.
38
Gleijeses, Conflicting
Missions, op. cit., p. 26.
39
Paterson, “Cuba and the
Missile Crisis” in Merrill and Paterson, eds., Major Problems, op. cit.
40
Letter to Robert Livingston,
18 April 1802, cited in “The Louisiana Purchase, 1803–2003,” National Interest, no. 71 (spring 2003):
p. 16.
41
Robert F. Kennedy cited in
Michael McClintock, Instruments of
Statecraft: U.S. Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency, and Counterterrorism,
1940–1990 (New York: Pantheon, 1992), p. 23. Online at:
http://www.statecraft.org/.
42
Cited in Adam Isacson and Joy Olson, Just the Facts (Washington, D.C.: Latin
America Working Group and Center for International Policy, 1999), p. ix.
Related material online at:
http://www.ciponline.org/facts/.
43
See my Deterring Democracy, op. cit., chapter 10.
44
Lars Schoultz, Human
Rights and United States Policy toward Latin America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981),
p. 7.
45
For discussion, context, and
sources, see my Year 501, op. cit.,
chapter 7.
46
Thomas Skidmore, The Politics of Military Rule in Brazil,
1964–85 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988). Also see my Year 501, op. cit., chapter 7.
47
Report from Ambassador
Ellsworth Bunker to President Johnson, “Indonesia-American Relations,” Foreign Relations of the United States
(FRUS), 1964–1968, vol. 26, p. 257. Special National Intelligence Estimate
(SNIE), 1 September 1965, FRUS, vol.
26, p. 292. Cited by Mark Curtis, Web of
Deceit: Britain’s Real Role in the World (New York: Vintage, 2003), pp.
399ff.
48
Gleijeses, Conflicting Missions, op. cit., pp. 332,
346.
49
Victoria Brittain,
review of Conflicting Missions, by Piero Gleijeses, “Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and
Africa, 1959–76,” Race and Class 44,
no. 4 (April–June 2003): pp. 83–90.
50
Gleijeses, Conflicting Missions, op. cit., p. 359.
51
David Gonzalez, “At Cuba
Conference, Old Foes Exchange Notes on 1962 Missile Crisis,” New York Times, 14 October 2002, sec. A,
p. 6. Barry Gewen, “Thinking the Unthinkable,” review
of Why Terrorism Works: Understanding the
Threat, Responding to the Challenge, by Alan M. Dershowitz,
New York Times, Sunday, 15 September
2002, sec. 7 (Book Review), p. 12.
52
Alexander George, ed., Western State Terrorism (New York: Routledge, 1991; London: Polity, 1991). See also Chomsky and Edward S. Herman, The Political Economy of Human Rights, vol. 1 (Boston: South End
Press, 1979), chapter 3, sec. 1, and Edward S. Herman, The Real Terror Network: Terrorism in Fact and Propaganda (Boston:
South End Press, 1982).
53
Jean Bethke
Elshtain, Just War
against Terror (New York: Basic Books, 2003), p. 18; her emphasis. For a
review of these operations, based in part on notes provided to us by Newsweek Saigon bureau chief Kevin Buckley,
see Chomsky and Herman, Political Economy
of Human Rights, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 313ff., and Manufacturing Consent, op. cit., pp. 196ff. Some of the same
material appears in Christopher Hitchens, The Trial of Henry Kissinger (London and
New York: Verso, 2001), pp. 30ff.
54
Congressional testimony, 1986, 1983. See essays by Jack Spence and
Eldon Kenworthy in Thomas W. Walker, ed., Reagan Versus the Sandinistas: The
Undeclared War on Nicaragua (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1987).
55
Remarks at a White House
meeting for Supporters of United States Assistance for the Nicaraguan
Democratic Resistance, 3 March 1986. Walter Robinson, “Reagan Says Nicaraguans
Threaten US,” Boston Globe, 22 March
1986.
56
Eldon Kenworthy
cited in Walker, Reagan Versus the Sandinistas, op. cit. See also my Culture of Terrorism, op. cit., pp. 219ff.; Necessary Illusions, op. cit., pp. 71ff.; and Deterring Democracy, op. cit., p. 259, on various phases as the useful farce
proceeded. National emergency: see “Texts of Reagan Executive Order and Message
to Congress,” New York Times, 2 May
1985, sec. A, p. 8, and my Turning the
Tide: U.S. Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace (Boston:
South End Press, 1986), p. 144, for
more detail. Libya: see my Pirates and Emperors,
Old and New: International Terrorism in the Real World, updated version of
1986 first edition published by Black Rose Books (Cambridge: South End Press,
2002), p. 72, on Reagan’s July 1985 address to the American Bar Association.
Online at:
http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/resource/speeches/1985/70885a.htm.
57
George Shultz, “Moral Principles and Strategic Interests,”
Department of State, Current Policy,
no. 820 (transcript of speech of 14 April 1986). Libya: see my Pirates and Emperors, Old and New, op.
cit., chapter 3.
58
Thomas W. Walker, Nicaaagua: Living in the Shadow of the Eagle, 4th
ed. (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press; and Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 2003).
Thomas Carothers in Abraham F. Lowenthal, ed., Exporting Democracy: The United States and
Latin America, Case Studies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1991). Carothers, In
the Name of Democracy: US Policy
toward Latin America in the Reagan Years (Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1991); his emphasis.
59
For World Bank, IADB, and
other sources, see my Deterring
Democracy, op. cit., chapter 10. For information on health effects, see
Nicaraguan Society of Doctors for Peace and the Defense of Life (MEDIPAZ), The War in Nicaragua: The Effects of
Low-Intensity Conflict on an Underdeveloped Country (Managua, Nicaragua,
and Cambridge, Mass.: MEDIPAZ, 2003).
60
See Paul S. Reichler, “Tribute to Professor Abram Chayes:
Holding America to Its Own Best Standards: Abe Chayes
and Nicaragua in the World Court,” Harvard
International Law Journal 42, no. 1 (winter 2001).
61
“Military and Paramilitary
Activities in and against Nicaragua,” (Nicaragua
v. United States of America), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 14,
International Court of Justice, 27 June 1986. Online at:
http://www.gwu.edu/~jaysmith/nicus3.html.
Security Council S/18221, 11 July 1986.
62
For these and many other samples from the press, see Chomsky and
Herman, Manufacturing Consent, op.
cit., pp. 240ff., and my Necessary
Illusions, op. cit., pp. 33ff., and Year
501, op. cit., pp. 251ff.
63
Charles A. Radin, “US Crafts Vietnam Education Proposal,” Boston Globe, 17 November 2000, sec. A,
p. 21.
64
Anthropologist Ira Lowenthal, his emphasis. Cited in Paul Farmer, AIDS and Accusation: Haiti and the Geography
of Blame (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
65
See Farmer, The Uses of Haiti, updated ed. (Monroe,
Maine: Common Courage Press, 2003).
66
Max Mintz,
Seeds of Empire: The American Revolutionary
Conquest of the Iroquois (New York: New York University, 1999): pp. 75–76,
180ff.
67
General John Galvin,
commander of the US Southern Command (SOUTHCOM), explaining strategy to
Congress; see Fred Kaplan, “US General Says Contra Chances Improving,” Boston Globe, 20 May 1987, p. 9.
68
Michael Kinsley, “Down the
Memory Hole with the Contras,” Wall
Street Journal, 26 March 1987, sec. 1, p. 37.
69
Envío (Managua, Nicaragua), March 2003; September 2001.
70
“The Armageddon Effect: The
Final Test,” Envío, October 2001.
71
On the 1984 elections, see
Walker, Nicaragua, op. cit., pp.
156ff. On the reports of a wide range of expert observers, all ignored, and
adherence within media and commentary to the Reaganite
agenda on elections in enemy Nicaragua and its terrorist client states, see
Chomsky and Herman, Manufacturing
Consent, op. cit., chapter 3.
72
“The Armageddon Effect,” op.
cit.
73
Kenneth M. Pollack, “Faith
and Terrorism in the Muslim World,” review of The Crisis of Islam, by Bernard Lewis, New York Times, Sunday, 6 April 2003, sec. 7 (Book Review), p. 11.
74
News Services, “Iran-Contra
Figure Named to Senior Post in White House,” Washington Post, 3 December 2002, sec. A, p. 2.
75
Abrams: see Steven R. Weisman, “Abrams Back in Capital Fray at
Center of Mideast Battle,” New York Times, 7 December 2002, sec. A, p. 1. Reich and Noriega:
see James Dao, “Bush Names Veteran Anti-Communist to Latin America Post,” New York Times, 10 January 2002, sec. A,
p. 6.
76
Laura W. Murphy, Director of
the ACLU’s Washington National Office, in ACLU press release, “ACLU Calls on
President Bush to Disavow New Cyber-Spying Scheme That Seeks to Put Every
American Under Scrutiny,” 14 November 2002. Online at:
http://www.aclu.org/SafeandFree/SafeandFree.cfm?ID=11309&c=206 .
77
“The Armageddon Effect,” op.
cit.
78
Ricardo Stevens, 19 October
2001, on Radio La Voz del Tropico
(Panama); cited in North American Congress on Latin America (NACLA), Report on the Americas 35, no. 3
(November–December 2001).
79
Carlos Salinas, interview,
Institute for Public Accuracy, San Francisco, Calif., 22 March 2002. Online at:
http://www.accuracy.org/press_releases/PR032202.htm. On polls: see pp. 199ff.
Of Hegemony or Survival.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 5
1
Ronald Reagan cited in
Bernard Weinraub, “Israeli Extends ‘Hand of Peace’ to
Jordanians,” New York Times, 18
October 1985, sec. A, p. 1. George Shultz, State Department, Current Policy, no. 589 (24 June 1984)
and no. 629 (25 October 1984). George W. Bush quoted by Rich Heffern, “The Snake
Coiled Deep in Our Hearts,” National
Catholic Reporter, 11 January 2002. Online at:
http://natcath.org/NCR_Online/archives2/2002a/011102/011102a.htm.
2
For discussion of some of
these questions, see Chomsky and Herman, Political
Economy of Human Rights, op. cit; Herman,
Real Terror Network, op. cit.; my Pirates and Emperors, Old and New, op.
cit; and George, ed., Western State
Terrorism, op. cit.
3
UN Inter-Agency Task Force,
Africa Recovery Program/Economic Commission, South African Destabilization: The Economic Cost of Frontline
Resistance to Apartheid (1989), p. 13, cited in Merle Bowen, "Mozambique and
the Politics of Economic Recovery," Fletcher Forum of World Affairs,
Volume 15, Number 1 (Winter 1991): pp. 45-55. Dereje Asrat et al., Children on the Front Line, 3rd ed. (New
York and Geneva: UNICEF, 1989). For ANC material, see Joseba
Zulaika and William A. Douglass, Terror and Taboo: The Follies, Fables, and Faces of Terrorism (New
York: Routledge, 1996), p. 12.
4
Raymond Garthoff,
A Journey through the Cold War: A Memoir
of Containment and Coexistence (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution,
2001), pp. 338, 387. John K. Cooley, Unholy
Wars: Afghanistan, America, and International Terrorism (London and
Sterling, Va.: Pluto Press, 1999), pp. 11, 54.
5
Cooley, Unholy Wars, op. cit., pp. 230ff.
6
Miron Rezun, Saddam
Hussein’s Gulf Wars: Ambivalent Stakes in the Middle East (Westport, Conn.:
Praeger, 1992), pp. 58ff.
7
See my Deterring Democracy, op. cit., pp. 50–51, 236ff., and 278ff. Task
Force on US-Korea Policy, “The Nuclear Crisis on the Korean Peninsula: Avoiding
the Road to Perdition,” Current History
102, no. 663 (April 2003): pp. 152ff. For material on Duvalier,
see my Year 501, op. cit., chapter 8,
sec. 4.
8
Hannah Pakula,
“Under the Eye of ‘the Big C,’”Washington Post, 27
December 1989, sec. A, p. 19. Howard LaFranchi, “US Speeds
Tally of Iraq Offenses,” Christian
Science Monitor, 25 November 2002, p. 1.
9
Ruth Sinai, AP, “Bush
Preparing to Lift Ban on Government Loans to Iraq,” 22 December 1989. State
Department to Senator Daniel Inouye, 26 February 1990. See my Deterring Democracy, op. cit., p. 152,
for details.
10
Peter Spiegel and Richard
McGregor, “Donald Rumsfeld: Saddam Hussein ‘Joins
Pantheon of Failed Dictators,’” Financial
Times (London), 10 April 2003, p.
3. Peter Spiegel, “Paul Wolfowitz: The Pentagon
Hawk’s Vision of a War for Democracy,” Financial
Times, 10 April 2003, p. 2. On
Marcos, who was a particular favorite of President Reagan and Vice President
Bush, see my Deterring Democracy, op.
cit., chapters 7 and 8.
11
See Bedjauoi, Aroua, and Ait-Larbi, eds., An
Inquiry into the Algerian Massacres,
op. cit., for extensive documentation. William Burns cited in Steven R.
Weisman, “U.S. to Sell Military Gear to Algeria to Help It Fight
Militants,” New York Times, 10 December 2002, sec. A, p. 20. Robert Fisk, “The Double
Standards, Dubious Morality and Duplicity of This Fight against Terror,” Independent (London), 4 January 2003, p.
18. Lara Marlowe, “Fanatical Islamic Terror Has Become Globalised,”
Irish Times, 31 December 2002, p. 11.
12
For details and sources, see
Thomas Ferguson and Joel Rogers, Right
Turn: The Decline of the Democrats and the Future of American Politics (New
York: Hill & Wang, 1986), and Michael Meeropol, Surrender: How the Clinton Administration
Completed the Reagan Revolution, updated ed. (Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 2003). See also
my Turning the Tide, op. cit.,
chapter 5; and my Year 501, op. cit., chapter 11. On economic consequences,
see State of Working America studies
by the Economic Policy Institute (online at: http://www.epinet.org/) and Edward
N. Wolff, Top Heavy: A Study of the
Increasing Inequality of Wealth in America, updated ed. (New York: New Press, 1996).
13
On Libya’s role in Reaganite demonology, see my Pirates and Emperors, Old and New, op. cit., chapter 3; and Stephen
Rosskamm Shalom, Imperial
Alibis: Rationalizing U.S. Intervention after the Cold War (Boston: South
End Press, 1993), chapter 7.
14
See my Necessary Illusions, op. cit., pp. 176–80.
15
See pp. 96–97 of Hegemony or Survival.
16
Anthony Lewis, “Abroad at
Home: A Real Evil,” New York Times, 17
April 1986, sec. A, p. 31.
17
Hodding Carter III, “The Fickle Finger of the American Press,” Wall Street Journal, 14 September 1989,
p. 1. Thomas Pickering quoted by Peter James Spielmann,
AP, “U.S. Envoy Praises General Assembly,” 19 December 1989. For a review of the drug war, see
my Deterring Democracy, op. cit.,
chapters 5 and 6, and Shalom, Imperial
Alibis, op. cit., chapter 8.
18
Cited in Irene L. Gendzier, Notes from
the Minefield: United States Intervention in Lebanon and the Middle East,
1945–1958 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), p. 256.
19
Ferguson and Rogers, Right
Turn, op. cit., p. 122. Jackie Calmes and John D.
McKinnon, “Red Flag: With Deficits Back in Picture, Bush Agenda Faces
Big Test,” Wall Street Journal, 11 November 2002, sec. A, p. 1.
20
Peronet Despeignes, “Bush Shelved Report on $42,200bn Deficit
Fears,” Financial Times (London), 29
May 2003, p. 1. Laurence J. Kotlikoff and Jeffrey
Sachs, “An Economic Menu of Pain,” Boston
Globe, 19 May 2003, sec. A, p. 11. Fleischer cited in Peronet
Despeignes, “White House Aware of ‘Crushing Debt,’” Financial Times, 30 May 2003, sec. 1, p.
1.
21
Paul Krugman,
“Stating the Obvious,” New York Times,
27 May 2003, sec. A, p. 25.
22
Anatol Lieven, “The Push for War,” op. cit.
23
Martin Sieff,
“Militarism and the Midterm Elections: White House Strategists Timed the Iraq
War Debate to Dominate the Fall Congressional Campaign,” American Conservative, 4 November 2002. Online at:
http://www.amconmag.com/11_4/militarism_and_the.html.
24
Donald Green and Eric Schickler, “Winning a Battle, Not a War,” New York Times, 12 November 2002, sec.
A, p. 27.
25
Peter Slevin,
“U.S. Drops Bid to Strengthen Germ Warfare Accord,” Washington Post, 19 September 2002, sec. A, p. 1.
26
Greg Gordon, Minneapolis Star-Tribune, 18 October 2002; “Attack
on Iraq Could Lead Saddam to Unleash His Chemical and Biological Weapons, Warns
Jane’s Report,” Jane’s Terrorism and
Security Monitor, 12 November 2002. Online at
http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jtsm/jtsm021112_1_n.shtml.
Sebastian Rotella, “Allies Find No Links Between
Iraq, Al Qaeda,” Los
Angeles Times, 4 November 2002, sec. A, p. 1; Jimmy Burns and Mark Huband, “Security Warning: “War ‘Will Fuel Unrest and More
Terrorism,’” Financial Times (London),
24 January 2003, Middle East section, p. 5; Eric Lichtblau,
“German Minister Says Al Qaeda Threat Is as Strong
Now as Before Sept. 11,” New York Times,
25 January 2003, sec. A, p. 8; Marlise Simons,
“Europeans Warn of Terror Attacks in Event of War in Iraq,” New York Times, 29 January 2003, sec. A,
p. 18; and Philip Shenon, “Ridge Warns That Iraq War
Could Raise Terrorist Threat,” New York
Times, 4 March 2003, sec. A, p. 10.
27
Richard K. Betts, “Suicide
from Fear of Death?,” Foreign Affairs
82, no. 1 (January–February 2003): p. 34ff.
28
Kenneth Waltz in Booth and
Dunne, eds., Worlds in Collision, op.
cit. US intelligence, see chapter 7, note 10, of Hegemony or Survival.
29
Study cited by Charles L.
Glaser and Steve Fetter, “National
Missile Defense and the Future of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy,” International Security 26,
no. 1 (summer 2001): pp. 40–92. Online at:
http://www.puaf.umd.edu/faculty/papers/fetter/Glaser.pdf.
Richard Falkenrath, Robert Newman, and Bradley
Thayer, America’s Achilles’ Heel:
Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Terrorism and Covert Attack (Boston: MIT
Press, 1998). Barton Gellman, “Struggles Inside the Government Defined
Campaign,” Washington Post, 20
December 2001, sec. A, p. 1. Hart and Rudman, America—Still Unprepared, Still in Danger,
op. cit.
30
Kaysen et
al., War with Iraq, op. cit., citing
Daniel Benjamin, “In the Fog of War, a Greater Threat,” Washington Post, 31 October 2002, sec. A, p. 23. Barton Gellman,
“Seven Nuclear Sites Looted; Iraqi Scientific Files, Some Containers Missing,” Washington Post, 10 May 2003, sec. A, p.
1.
31
Youssef Ibrahim, “Bush’s Iraq Adventure Is Bound to Backfire,”International Herald Tribune, 1 November 2002.
32
See, for example, Medact, Collateral
Damage: The Health and Environmental Costs of War on Iraq, 12 November
2002. Online at:
http://www.medact.org/tbx/docs/Medact%20Iraq%20report_final3.pdf.
Physicians for Human Rights, Health
and Human Rights Consequences of War in Iraq, briefing paper, 14 February
2003. Online at: http://www.phrusa.org/research/iraq/021403.html. Nicholas Pelham, “Desperate Iraqis Face
Mass Starvation, Warns UN,” Financial
Times (London), 28 February 2003, Iraq Crisis section, p. 6; Kenneth H.
Bacon, “Iraq: The Humanitarian Challenge,” Bulletin
of the Atomic Scientists 59, no. 1 (January-February
2003): pp. 26–27. Online at:
http://www.thebulletin.org/issues/2003/jf03/jf03bacon.html.
James Politi, Guy Dinmore,
and Mark Turner, “Aid Agencies Hit at ‘Lack of Clarity’ in US Postwar Plans,” Financial Times (London), 27 February 2003, Iraq Crisis section,
p. 8; and Ed Vulliamy, Burhan
Wazir, and Gaby Hinsliff,
“Aid Groups Warn of War Crisis in Iraq,” Observer
(London), 22 December 2002, p. 2.
33
Turi Munthe, Introduction, in Munthe,
ed., The Saddam Hussein Reader (New
York: Thunder’s Mouth, 2002), p. xxvii.
34
The sanctions were
technically imposed by the UN, but it was always understood that they were
enforced by the US-UK, under UN aegis, and with little support, particularly in
the cruel form that targets civilians.
35
Frances Williams, “Child
Death Rate in Iraq Trebles,” Financial
Times (London), 12 December 2002, International Economy section, p. 9. John Mueller and Karl Mueller, “Sanctions
of Mass Destruction,” Foreign Affairs 78, no. 3 (May–June 1999).
36
Rajiv Chandrasekaran, “Cheap Food Rations Ensure That No One Goes
Hungry,” Washington Post, National
Weekly Edition, 10 February 2003, a notable exception to the general lack of
coverage. See also Rajiv Chandrasekaran,
“Stockpiling Popularity With Food: Rations Quell Iraqi Discontent,” Washington Post, February 3, 2003, sec.
A, p. 1.
37
Denis Halliday,
“Scylla and Charybdis,” and Hans van Sponeck, “The Policy of Punishment,” Al-Ahram Weekly 618 (26 December 2002–1
January 2003). Online at:
http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/618/sc6.htm and
http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/618/sc5.htm.
38
Joy Gordon, “Cool War:
Economic Sanctions as a Weapon of Mass Destruction,” Harper’s 305, no. 1830 (November
2002): pp. 43–49. For extensive detail and rebuttal to official justifications,
see Eric Herring, “Between Iraq and a Hard Place: A
Critique of the British Government’s Narrative on UN Economic Sanctions,” Review of International Studies 28, no.
1 (January 2002): pp. 39–56. Online at:
http://www.casi.org.uk/conf99/doc/herring.html.
39
International Committee of
the Red Cross, Iraq: 1989–1999, A Decade
of Sanctions, 14 December 1999. Online at:
http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList322/4BBFCEC7FF4B7A3CC1256B66005E0FB6.
40
Other arguments presented
were too bizarre to discuss: e.g., that we should bomb and occupy Iraq because
then we could stop torturing its population with sanctions.
41
John F. Burns, “Pakistan Antiterror
Support Avoids Vow of Military Aid,” New York Times, 16 September 2001, sec. 1, p. 5. Samina
Ahmed, “The United States and Terrorism in Southwest Asia: September 11
and Beyond,” International Security 26, no. 3 (winter 2001–02): pp. 79–93.
42
Thomas Friedman outlining
Bush I administration thinking after it effectively authorized Saddam to crush
the rebellions that might have overthrown him, “NATO Tries to Ease Security
Concerns in Eastern Europe,” New York
Times, 7 June 1991, sec. A, p. 1.
43
Mark Thomas, Column, New Statesman 15, no. 736 (9 December
2002): p. 12. See chapter 3, note 5, of Hegemony
or Survival.
44
Gallup Poll International,
Iraq Poll 2003, December 2002. Online at:
http://www.gallup-international.com/download/GIA%20press%20release%20Iraq%20Survey%202003.pdf.
Marc Champion, “European Leaders Declare Support For U.S. on Iraq,” Wall Street Journal, 30 January 2003,
sec. A, p. 1; Steven R. Weisman, “U.S. Demands Iraq Show Cooperation by This
Weekend,” New York Times, 10 February
2003, sec. A, p. 1.
45
Powell cited in Steven R.
Weisman, “U.S. Demands Iraq Show Cooperation by This Weekend,” New York Times, 10 February 2003, sec.
A, p. 1. Reference is to the original eight former Russian satellites.
46
Andrew Higgins, “‘New
Europe’ Wary of U.S., Too,” Wall Street
Journal, 18 March 2003, sec. A, p. 14.
47
Holbrooke
cited in Lee Michael Katz, “Sooner or Later, Iraq to Be Dealt With,” National Journal 35, no. 6 (8 February
2003): pp. 460–61.
48
“The Op-Ed Alliance,”
editorial, Wall Street Journal, 3 February
2003, sec. A, p. 16.
49
Thomas L. Friedman, “Vote
France Off the Island,” New York Times,
9 February 2003, sec. 4, p. 15.
50
Todd S. Purdum,
“Bush’s Moral Rectitude Is a Tough Sell in Old Europe,” New York Times, 30 January 2003, sec. A, p. 8. Max Boot, “A War for
Oil? Not This Time,” New York Times, 13 February 2003, sec. A, p. 41. Robert Kagan,
“Politicians with Guts,” Washington Post,
National Weekly Edition, 10 February 2003; also in Washington Post, 31 January 2003, sec. A, p. 27.
51
Mark Landler, “Schroder’s Antiwar Stance Becomes a Balancing Act,” New York Times, 20 January 2003, sec. A,
p. 13, quoting the spokesperson for the right-wing Christian Social Union
party.
52
Polls from
“"Reluctantly Under the Whip: Turkey, Iraq, and America,” The Economist 366, no. 8307 (18 January 2003): p. 48. Morton
Abramowitz, “Turkey and Iraq, Act II,” Wall
Street Journal, 16 January 2003, sec. A, p. 12.
53
Recep Tayyip Erdogan cited in Brian
Groom, “Turks Hit at US Military Might,” Financial
Times (London), 25 January 2003, p. 6.
54
Dexter Filkins,
“Turkish Parliament Is Asked to Approve U.S. Troops,” New York Times, 26 February 2003, sec. A, p. 10; Filkins, “Turkey Backs United States Plans for Iraq,” New York Times, 6 February 2003, sec. A,
p. 17. Amberin Zaman,
“Iraqi Kurds Balk at Turks’ Role,” Los
Angeles Times, 8 February 2003, sec. A, p. 11.
55
Steven R. Weisman, “Politics
Shapes the Battlefield in Iraq,” New York
Trimes, Sunday, 30 March 2003, sec. 4 (Week in
Review), p. 3.
56
Paul Wolfowitz
cited in Marc Lacey, “Turkey Rejects Criticism by U.S. Official Over Iraq,” New York Times, 8 May 2003, sec. A, p.
15.
57
Thomas Carothers,
“Promoting Democracy and Fighting Terror,” Foreign
Affairs 82, no. 1 (January–February 2003): pp. 84ff.
58
Carothers in Exporting Democracy, op. cit., and In the Name of Democracy, op. cit. On
the “yearning for democracy” in the Reagan years, see Neil A. Lewis, “What Can
the U.S. Really Do About Haiti?,” New
York Times, Sunday, 6 December 1987, sec. 4 (Week in Review), p. 2. For
more details, see my Necessary Illusions,
op. cit., p. 49.
59
Atilio Borón, State,
Capitalism, and Democracy in Latin America (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1995), chapter 7.
60
James E. Mahon, Jr., Mobile Capital and Latin American
Development (University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press,
1996).
61
Timothy A. Canova, “Banking and Financial Reform at the Crossroads of
the Neoliberal Contagion,” American University International Law Review 14, no. 6 (1999), and
“The Transformation of U.S. Banking and Finance: From Regulated Competition to
Free-Market Receivership,” Brooklyn Law
Review 60, no. 4 (winter 1995). César Gaaviria, OAS secretary-general, in Guy Dinmore,
“Powell Overtures Fail to Impress Latin Americans,” Financial Times (London), 11 June 2003, Americas section, p. 9.
62
Ha-Joon
Chang and Ajit Singh, “Public Enterprise in
Developing Countries and Economic Efficiency,” UNCTAD Review 4 (1993): pp. 45–81.
63
Thomas E. Patterson, “Will
Democrats Find Victory in the Ruins,” Boston
Globe, 15 December 2000, sec. A, p. 27, and “Point of Agreement: We’re Glad
It’s Over,” New York Times, 8
November 2000, sec. A, p. 27. Also see his book The Vanishing Voter: Public Involvement in an Age of Uncertainty
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002). Gary C. Jacobson, “A House and Senate
Divided: The Clinton Legacy and the Congressional Elections of 2000,” Political Science Quarterly 116, no. 1
(spring 2001): pp. 5–27. Online at:
http://www.psqonline.org/99_article.php3?byear=2001&bmonth=spring&a=02free.
See also my articles in the January (“Elections 2000”) and February (“Voting
Patterns and Abstention”) 2001 issues of Z
Magazine. Online at:
http://www.zmag.org/ZMag/articles/jan01chomsky.htm and
http://zena.secureforum.com/Znet/zmag/feb01chomsky.htm.
64
Stuart Ewen,
Captains of Consciousness: Advertising
and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976),
p. 85. See also Michael Dawson, The
Consumer Trap: Big Business Marketing in American Life (Urbana, Ill.:
University of Illinois Press, 2003), for an extensive review of the technique
of “off-job control” developed from the 1920s as a counterpart to the “on-job
control” of Taylorism, designed to turn people into
controlled robots in life as well as work.
65
Hans von Sponeck,
“Too Much Collateral Damage,” Toronto
Globe and Mail, 2 July 2002. Online at:
http://www.commondreams.org/views02/0702-03.htm.
Halliday, “Scylla and Charybdis,”
op. cit.
66
Thomas L. Friedman, “NATO
Tries to Ease Security Concerns in Eastern Europe,” New York Times, 7 June 1991, sec. A, p. 1. Alan Cowell,
“Kurds Assert Few Outside Iraq Wanted Them to Win,” New York Times, 11 April 1991, sec. A, p. 11. Friedman, “Because We
Could,” New York Times, 4 June 2003,
sec. A, p. 31.
67
Brent Scowcroft cited in Bob
Herbert, “Spoils of War,” New York Times,
10 April 2003, sec. A, p. 27.
68
Chart shown in New York Times, 7 May 2003, sec. A, p.
14 (see James Dao and Eric Schmitt, “Postwar Planning: President Picks a
Special Envoy to Rebuild Iraq,” New York
Times, 7 May 2003, sec. A, p. 1); Source: Department of Defense and Office
of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance.
69
David Sanger with John Tagliabue, “Bush Aide Says U.S., Not U.N., Will Rebuild
Iraq,” New York Times, 5 April 2003,
sec. B, p. 1.
70
Arthur Schlesinger: see p.
12 of Hegemony or Survival.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 6
1
David Ignatius, “Europe’s
Real Modernizers,” International Herald
Tribune, 14–15 December 2002, from Washington
Post, 13 December 2002, sec. A, p. 45.
2
For Financial Times, Business Week, Wall Street Journal, and other
sources, see World Orders Old and New,
op. cit., chapter 2.
3
Arie Farnam, “Children Left Parentless as Migrants Flee Poor
Ukraine,” Christian Science Monitor,
10 June 2003, p. 7.
4
UN Development Program cited
by Duncan Green and Matthew Griffith, “Globalization and Its Discontents,” International Affairs 78, no. 1 (January
2002): pp. 49–68. Updated and abridged version online at:
http://www.cafod.org.uk/policy/globalisationandcritics200301.pdf. David E.
Powell, “Death as a Way of Life: Russia’s Demographic Decline,” Current History 101, no. 657 (October
2002): pp. 344–48. For polls, see Michael Wines, “New Study Supports Idea
Stalin Was Poisoned,” New York Times,
5 March 2003, sec. A, p. 3.
5
David Bruce cited in Costigliola, “Kennedy, the European Allies, and the Failure
to Consult,” op. cit.
6
Henry Kissinger, American Foreign Policy, expanded ed.
(New York: Norton, 1974).
7
See. p. 15 of Hegemony or Survival.
8
Christopher Thorne, The Issue of War: States, Societies, and the
Far Eastern Conflict of 1941–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press,
1985): pp. 225, 211. For sources and general context, see my Deterring Democracy, op. cit.
9
Howard M. Wachtel, The Money
Mandarins: The Making of a Supranational Economic Order, rev. ed. (Armonk,
N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe; London: Pluto Press, 1990), pp. 44ff. Business Week, 7 April 1975.
10
Melvyn Leffler,
A Preponderance of Power, op. cit.,
p. 339.
11
Britain: see Mark Curtis, Web of Deceit, op. cit., pp. 15–16. For
the others, see Aaron David Miller, Search
for Security: Saudi Arabian Oil and American Foreign Policy, 1939–1949 (Chapel
Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1980); Irvine H. Anderson, Aramco, the United States and Saudi Arabia: A
Study of the Dynamics of Foreign Oil Policy, 1933–1950 (Princeton, N.J.:
Princeton University Press, 1981); Michael B. Stoff, Oil, War and American Security: The Search
for a National Policy on Foreign Oil, 1941–1947 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale
University Press, 1980). Eisenhower cited in Steven L. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict: Making
America’s Middle East Policy from Truman to Reagan (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1985), p. 51.
12
Task Force on US Korea
Policy, The Nuclear Crisis on the Korean
Peninsula: Avoiding the Road to Perdition (Washington, D.C.: Center for
International Policy; Chicago: Center for East Asian Studies at the University
of Chicago, 2003); abridged version, “The Nuclear Crisis on the Korean
Peninsula,” op. cit.
13
Cited by Selig
S. Harrison, “Gas and Geopolitics in Northeast Asia: Pipelines, Regional
Stability, and the Korean Nuclear Crisis,” World
Policy Journal 19, no. 4 (winter
2002–03): pp. 23–36. Online at:
http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/articles/wpj02-4/harrison.html.
14
What follows concerning the
SFPT is drawn from John Price, A Just
Peace? The 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty in Historical Perspective, Japan
Policy Research Institute, working paper no. 78 (June 2001). Online at:
http://www.jpri.org/WPapers/wp78.html.
15
Human Rights Watch, “U.S.:
Ashcroft Attacks Human Rights Law,” press release, 15 May 2003. Online at:
http://www.hrw.org/press/2003/05/us051503.htm.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 7
1
Michael Krepon
cited in Faye Bowers and Howard LaFranchi, “Risk
Rises for a Reignited Arms Race,” Christian
Science Monitor, 31 December 2002, p. 1.
2
Butler cited in Hans Kristensen, BASIC
Research Report 98, no.2 (British-American Security Information Council,
March 1998), Appendix I. Online at:
http://www.basicint.org/pubs/Research/1998nuclearfutures(2).htm. Aluf Benn, “Russia Concerned over Israel’s Nuclear Weapons
Program,” Ha’aretz, 2 June 2003, reporting Russia’s demand
that Israel’s nuclear program “be placed on the agenda of international
organizations concerned with preventing nuclear proliferation.”
3
Knut
Royce, “Secret Offer Iraq Sent Pullout Deal to U.S.,” Newsday, 29 August 1990; “Iraq Offers Deal to Quit Kuwait U.S.
Rejects It, But Stays ‘Interested,’” Newsday,
3 January 1991, p. 5. See chapter 2, note 14, of Hegemony or Survival.
4
Ruth Sinai, “Israel No. 2 in
West in Social Inequality,” and “An Existential Threat,” Ha’aretz, 3 December 2002.
5
Yitzhak ben-Yisrael,
“Ashlayat ha-otsma ha-yisrealit” (The illusion of Israeli grandeur), Ha’aretz, 16
April 2002.
6
Galal Nassar, “The Axis of Evil—from Another Angle,” Al-Ahram Weekly
576 (7–13 March 2002). Online at:
http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/576/focus.htm.
7
Robert Olson, “Turkey-Iran
Relations, 2000–2001: The Caspian, Azerbaijan and the Kurds,” Middle East Policy 9, no. 2 (June 2002): pp. 111–129.
8
Praful Bidwai, “A Zionist Recipe for India,” News International, 22 May 2003, citing Brajesh
Mishra.
9
Lloyd George cited by V. G.
Kiernan, European Empires from Conquest
to Collapse, 1815–1960 (Leicester, England: Leicester University Press, in
association with Fontana Paperbacks, 1982).
10
National Intelligence
Council, Global Trends 2015: A Dialogue about the Future with Nongovernment Experts (Washington, D.C.: National
Intelligence Council, December 2000).
11
National Intelligence
Council, Global Trends 2015, op. cit.
12
Mark Curtis, Web of Deceit, op. cit., chapter 22.
13
Thom Shanker
and Eric Schmitt, “Strategic Shift: Pentagon Expects Long-Term Access to Key
Iraq Bases,” New York Times, 20 April
2003, sec. A, p. 1.
14
Bob Herbert, “What Is It
Good For?,” New York Times, 21 April
2003, sec. A, p. 23.
15
On the planning context, see
chapter 6 of Hegemony or Survival.
The specific topics reviewed here are discussed in much greater detail in my World Orders Old and New, op. cit.; the
updated edition of Fateful Triangle: The
United States, Israel, and the Palestinians (Cambridge: South End Press,
1999); Pirates and Emperors, Old and New, updated ed., op. cit.; and Middle
East Illusions, Including Peace in the Middle East? Reflections on Justice and
Nationhood, updated ed. (Lanham, Md.: Rowman
& Littlefield Publishers, 2003). See these for sources, where not cited,
and for fuller quotations. On broader issues there is a rich literature.
Particularly pertinent for background here is Norman G. Finkelstein, Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine
Conflict, updated ed. (London and New York: Verso, 2003).
16
Abraham Ben-Zvi, Decade of
Transition: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the Origins of the American-Israeli
Alliance (New York: Columbia, 1998), p. 76. See Irene Gendzier,
Notes from the Minefield, op. cit.,
and William Roger Louis and Roger Owen, eds., A Revolutionary Year: The Middle East in 1958 (London and New York:
I. B. Tauris Press; Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson
Center Press, 2002). For an account of events in Indonesia, see Audrey R. Kahin and George McT. Kahin, Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle
in Indonesia (New York: New Press, 1995).
17
Ben-Zvi,
Decade of Transition, op. cit., pp.
80ff. Separately, he attributes the statement to Eisenhower. See also Gendzier, Notes from
the Minefield, op. cit., and Ilan Pappé in Lewis and Owen, eds., A Revolutionary Year, op. cit.
18
Efraim Inbar, The
Israeli-Turkish Entente (London: King’s College London Mediterranean
Studies, 2001), p. 25, written from a perspective close to official Israeli
attitudes.
19
On these matters, see
particularly Finkelstein, Image and
Reality, op. cit. See also my Middle
East Illusions, op. cit., chapter 5.
20
On the intricacies of this
affair, see Irwin M. Wall, France, the
United States, and the Algerian War (Berkeley, Calif.: University of
California Press, 2001).
21
See my Fateful Triangle, op. cit., for an account of the events and the
reaction to them by media and commentators.
22
On Israel’s record in
Lebanon in the 1980s and 1990s, see my Pirates
and Emperors, Old and New, op. cit., and Fateful Triangle, updated edition, op.
cit.
23
Michael Walzer,
New Republic, 6 September 1982 (his
emphasis).
24
James Bennet,
“A Long, Bitter Feud Is Tipping Sharon’s Way,” New York Times, 24 January 2002, sec. A, p. 3.
25
Mark Sappenfield,
“Americans, Europeans Differ on Mideast Sympathies,” Christian Science Monitor, 15 April
2002, p. 1. Program on International Policy Attitudes (PIPA), Americans on the Israel-Palestinian Conflict
(College Park, Md.: University of Maryland), 8 May 2002. Online at:
http://www.pipa.org/OnlineReports/IsrPalConflict/contents.html.
26
See Haydar
’Abd al-Shafi’s interview
with Rashid Khalidi, “Looking Back, Looking Forward,”
Journal of Palestine Studies 32, no.1
(autumn 2002): pp. 28–35.
27
Shlomo
Ben-Ami, A Place for All (Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1998). See
my introduction to Roane Carey, ed., The
New Intifada: Resisting Israel’s Apartheid
(London and New York: Verso, 2001), reprinted in my Pirates and Emperors, Old and New, op. cit.
28
Avi Primor, “Sharon’s South African Strategy,” Ha’aretz, 19
September 2002. On current Israeli strategies, see particularly Tanya Reinhart,
Israel/Palestine: How to End the War of
1948 (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002), and Baruch Kimmerling,
Politicide: Ariel Sharon’s Wars against the
Palestinians (New York: Verso, 2003).
29
Akiva Eldar, “The Peace That Nearly Was at Taba,”
Ha’aretz,
14 February 2002.
30
Hussein Agha
and Robert Malley, “The Last Negotiation: How to End
the Middle East Peace Process,” Foreign Affairs
81, no. 3 (May–June 2002): p. 10ff.
31
B’Tselem, Land Grab: Israel’s Settlement Policy in the
West Bank, May 2002. Online at:
http://www.btselem.org/English/Publications/Summaries/Land_Grab_Map.asp.
32
Geoffrey Aronson, Report on Israeli Settlement in the Occupied
Territories 13, no. 2 (March-April
2003). Online at: http://www.fmep.org/reports/2003/v13n2.html.
33
Cited in Christopher Adams,
Guy Dinmore, and Harvey Morris, “Middle East ‘Road
Map’ Launched,” Financial Times, 1
May 2003, sec. 1, p. 1.
34
“Proposal for ‘Final and
Comprehensive Settlement’ to Middle East Conflict,” New York Times, 1 May 2003, sec. A, p. 7.
35
Sharmila Devi, “Budget Cuts: Israelis Strike in Protest at Austerity
Package,” Financial Times, 1 May
2003, p. 7, citing Ha’aretz.
36
Harvey Morris, “Israeli
Security Wall ‘Threatens to Damage Palestinian Economy,” Financial Times, 5 May 2002, p. 7. Eva Balslev
and Katrin Sommer, “Case
Study: Qalqilya,” News
from Within (Jerusalem), October
2002.
37
Sara Roy, “The ‘Wall’ Is Not
Just a Wall,” Daily Star (Beirut), 2
June 2003. On Sharon’s 1992 plan, and others across the spectrum at the same
time, see the analysis by Peace Now, reviewed in World Orders Old and New, op. cit., p. 224.
38
Amira
Hass, “The State Sharon Is Talking About,” Ha’aretz, 28 May 2003.
39
Greg Myre,
“Sharon Defends Peace Plan Against Critics in Likud,”
New York Times, 27 May 2003, sec. A,
p. 12.
40
High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention,
“Declaration” (report on Israeli settlement drafted at a conference concerning
the application of international humanitarian law in the occupied Palestinian
territories, Geneva, Switzerland,
15 December 2001). Online at:
http://www.fmep.org/reports/2002/v12n1.html#7.
41
Cited in John Donnelly and
Charles A. Radin, “Powell’s Trip Is Called a Way to
Buy Time for Sharon Sweep,” Boston Globe,
9 April 2002, sec. A, p. 1.
42
“U.S. Votes against
Anti-Israel Resolution at UN,” Ha’aretz, 4
December 2003; Jerusalem Post staff and news agencies, “US Defies UN Anti-Israel
Vote,” Jerusalem Post, 4 December
2003, p. 1. The votes were reported by the AP and Agence
France-Presse on 3 December 2003.
43
James Bennet,
“Younger Leaders Are Competing to Shape Palestinians’ Future,” New York Times, 17 March 2003, sec. A,
p. 3.
44
Elisabeth Bumiller, “Bush Says Ousting Hussein Could Aid Peace in Mideast,” New York
Times, 27 February 2003, sec. A, p. 1.
45
John Donnelly, “Afghanistan:
Aid Officials Criticize Cuts in US Assistance,” Boston Globe, 11 September 2002, sec. A, p. 9.
46
Douglas Hurd,
“Put Middle East Peace before War in Iraq,” Financial
Times, 3 December 2002, Comment & Analysis, p. 19.
47
Ben Kaspit,
“Two Years of the Intifada” (in Hebrew), part one, Ma’ariv, 6
September 2002.
48
Reuven Pedatzur, “Blessings of War,” review of Milhamot lo Korot Mei’atzman
(Wars don’t just happen), by Motti Golani, Ha’aretz, 12 May 2003. Online at:
http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=290847&contrassID=2&subContrassID=20&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y.
49
Ben Kaspit,
“Shnatayim la-Intifada,”
op. cit. Doron
Rosenblum, “Our Friend the Bulldozer,” Ha’aretz, 26
September 2002.
50
Patrick Sloyan,
“Buried Alive: U.S. Tanks Used Plows to Kill Thousands in Gulf War Trenches,” Newsday, 12 September 1991, p. 1.
51
“Quarterly Review Staff Study,” Air
Universities Quarterly Review 6, no.4 (winter 1953-54). For more extensive
quotes and discussion, see my Towards a
New Cold War: Essays on the Current Crisis and How We Got There (New York:
Pantheon Books, 1982; New Press, 2003), pp. 112–13.
52
Jawaharlal Nehru, The
Discovery of India (Asia Publishing House, 1961). Stanley A. Wolpert, A New
History of India, 4th ed. (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1993). Gordon Johnson, C. A. Bayly,
and John F. Richards, eds., The New
Cambridge History of India, 3 vols. (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1987–93). Jack Beeching, The Chinese Opium Wars, 1st American ed. (New York: Harcourt
Brace Jovanovich, 1975). This was the immediate background of Mill’s classic
essay on humanitarian intervention. See chapter 2, note 73, of Hegemony or Survival.
53
Mark Curtis, Web of Deceit, op. cit., chapter 15.
54
Kaspit, “Shnatayim la-Intifada,” op. cit.
55
On the methods of the first Intifada, see Norman Finkelstein, The Rise and Fall of Palestine: A Personal Account of the Intifada Years (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Press, 1996). See also my Fateful
Triangle op. cit., chapter 8, for a personal account and Israeli sources,
the latter extended considerably in Necessary
Illusions, op. cit., Appendix 4.2. More generally, see Zachary Lockman and Joel Beinin, eds., Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising against Israeli
Occupation (Boston: South End Press, 1989).
56
Yoram Peri, Davar, 10 December
1982. Araboushim
is Israeli slang that is roughly equivalent to niggers or kikes. Moshe Dayan, internal government discussion, cited in Yossi Beilin, Mehiro shel Ihud (in
Hebrew; Israel: Revivim, 1985), p. 42.
57
“Unbridled Force,” editorial, Ha’aretz, 16 March 2003. The conclusion will
come as no surprise to those who have been reading the regular reports of its
correspondents, notably Gideon Levy and Amira Hass.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 8
1
Strobe Talbott
and Nayan Chanda, eds., The Age of Terror: America and the World
after September 11 (New York: Basic Books, 2001).
2
For US definitions, see my
“International Terrorism: Image and Reality” in Alexander George, ed., Western State Terrorism, op. cit. (later
reprinted in Pirates and Emperors, Old
and New, op. cit.). British definition cited by Curtis, Web of Deceit, op. cit., p. 93.
3
On the reformulation of the
official definitions, see Scott Atran, “The Genesis
of Suicide Terrorism,” Science 299,
no. 5612 (7 March 2003): pp. 1534–39. He notes that the revised definitions
still make “no principled distinction between ‘terror’ as defined by the U.S.
Congress and ‘counterinsurgency’ as allowed in U.S. armed forces manuals,” one
of the perennial problems in defining terror
in a doctrinally suitable way.
4
McClintock, Instruments of Statecraft, op. cit.,
chapter 3.
5
UN Resolution 42/159, 7 December 1987. The State
Department identifies 1987 as the peak year of terrorism.
6
For a remarkable
illustration concerning Vietnam, see p. 193 of Hegemony or Survival. On Iraq, see ABC Middle East correspondent Charles
Glass, “I Blame the British,” London
Review of Books 25, no. 8 (17 April 2003). Online at:
http://www.lrb.co.uk/v25/n08/glas01_.html.
7
Charles Maechling,
“The Murderous Mind of the Latin Military,” Los
Angeles Times, 18 March 1982.
8
Colombian Human Rights
Committee, Colombia Update 1, no.4
(December 1989). See my Deterring
Democracy, op. cit., pp. 130ff.
9
McClintock, Instruments of Statecraft, op. cit., p.
222.
10
Raymond Bonner, “Southeast
Asia Remains Fertile for Al Qaeda,” New York Times, 28 October 2002, sec. A,
p. 1.
11
Talbott and
Chanda, Age of
Terror, op. cit.
12
Martha Crenshaw, “Why America? The Globalization of Civil War”; Ivo H. Daalder and James M.
Lindsay, “Nasty, Brutish, and Long: America’s War on Terrorism”; and David C. Rapoport, “The Fourth Wave: September 11 in the History of
Terrorism,” Current History 100, no.
650 (December 2001): pp. 425–32, pp. 403–09, and pp. 419–25.
13
For details, see my Pirates and Emperors, Old and New, op. cit., including the added chapter
in updated edition (2002). George, ed., Western
State Terrorism, op. cit. On Clinton-backed Israeli invasions of Lebanon in
the 1990s, beyond the illegally occupied southern region, see my Fateful Triangle,updated edition, op. cit.
14
Crenshaw, “Why America?” op. cit.
15
John F. Burns, “Ringleader
of ’85 Achille Lauro
Hijacking Says Killing Wasn’t His Fault,” New
York Times, sec. A, p. 14.
16
Justin Huggler and Phil Reeves, “Once
Upon a Time in Jenin,” The Independent (London), 25 April 2002, pp. 4–7.
17
See my Fateful Triangle, op. cit., p. 136.
18
Gloria Cooper, “Darts and
Laurels,” Columbia Journalism Review
41, no. 2 (July–August 2002): pp. 14ff. Online at:
http://archives.cjr.org/year/02/4/dartsandlaurels.asp.
19
See p. 52 of Hegemony or Survival.
20
Judith Miller, “South Asia Called Major Terror Hub in a Survey by
U.S.,” New York Times, 30 April 2000,
sec. 1, p. 1. Robert Pearson, Fletcher
Forum of World Affairs 26, no.1 (winter–spring 2002).
21
See pp. 61–62 of Hegemony or Survival.
22
Jean Bethke
Elshtain, “A Just War?,” Boston Globe, 6 October 2002, Ideas section; also see her essay in
Booth and Dunne, eds., Worlds in
Collision, op. cit. Much of the
world will be interested to learn that the US has never engaged in the practice
of “unleashing terrorists” or otherwise threatening or harming civilians.
23
Bill Keller, “The Loyal Opposition,” New York Times, 24 August 2002, sec. A, p. 13.
24
A media review by Jeff Nygaard found one
reference to the Gallup poll, a brief notice in the Omaha World-Herald that “completely misrepresented the findings.” Nygaard Notes 132 (16 November 2001). Online
at:
http://www.nygaardnotes.org/issues/nn0132.html . Envío (Managua,
Nicaragua), October 2001.
25
Walter Pincus,
“Mueller Outlines Origin, Funding of Sept. 11 Plot,” Washington Post, 6 June 2002, sec. A, p. 1. Emphases mine.
26
Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im, “Upholding
International Legality against Islamic and American Jihad,” in Booth
and Dunne, eds., Worlds in Collision, op.
cit., pp. 162–171.
27
Abdul Haq, “US Bombs Are Boosting the
Taliban,” edited version of 11 October 2001 interview with Anatol
Lieven, Guardian
(London), 2 November 2001, Comment & Analysis, p. 20. Online at:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/waronterror/story/0,1361,585302,00.html.
Peshawar gathering: Barry Bearak, “Leaders of the Old Afghanistan Prepare
for the New,” New York Times, 25 October 2001, sec. B, p. 4; Farhan Bokhari and John Thornhill,
“Traditional Leaders Call for Peace Jihad,” Financial
Times(London), 25 October 2001, p. 3, and “Afghan Peace Assembly Call,” Financial Times (London), 26 October
2001, p. 2; John F. Burns, “Afghan Gathering in Pakistan Backs Future
Role for King,” New York Times, 26 October 2001, sec. B, p. 4; Indira
A.R. Lakshmanan, “1,000 Afghan Leaders Discuss a New
Regime,” Boston Globe, 25 October
2001, sec. A, p. 24; and “Delegates Demand Bin Laden Leave,” Boston Globe, 26 October 2001, sec. A,
p. 31. To learn about the Revolutionary Association of the Women
of Afghanistan (RAWA), go
to http://www.afghanwomensmission.org/index.shtml or http://rawa.fancymarketing.net/index.html. The
relevant information was available throughout in independent (“alternative”)
journals, published and electronic, including ZNet
(online at: http://www.zmag.org ). For additional
quotes, see “The World after Sept. 11,” reprinted in Pirates and Emperors, Old and New, op. cit., chapter 6.
29
Larry Rohter,
“In Latin America, the Cult of Revolution Wanes,” New York Times, Sunday, 18 May 2003, sec. 4 (Week in Review), p. 3.
30
Daniel Grann,
“Giving ‘the Devil’ His Due,” Atlantic
Monthly 287, no. 6 (June 2001): pp. 54–71.
31
Talbott and
Chanda, eds., Age
of Terror, op. cit., pp. xv ff. Their emphasis. They add that the problem
and solution are “more complicated” but appear to accept the conclusion and
regard the US-UK bombing as appropriate and properly “calibrated.”
32
Christopher Greenwood, “International Law and the ‘War against
Terrorism,’” International Affairs
(London) 78, no. 2 (April 2002): pp. 301–18. Thomas M. Franck, “Terrorism and
the Rights of Self-Defense,” American
Journal of International Law 95, no. 4 (October 2001): pp. 839–843.
33
Michael Howard, “What’s in a Name? How to Fight Terrorism,” Foreign Affairs 81, no. 1
(January–February 2002): pp. 8ff.
34
Frank C. Schuller and Thomas D. Grant,
“Terror: Measuring the Cost, Calculating the Response,” Current History 101, no. 654 (April 2002): pp. 184–86.
35
Werner Daum, German ambassador to the
Sudan from 1996 to 2000, “Universalism and the West: An Agenda for
Understanding,” Harvard International
Review 23, no. 2 (summer 2001): pp. 19–23. Online at:
http://www.hir.harvard.edu/articles/index.html?id=909. The same estimate is given by Jonathan Belke, regional director of the Near East Foundation, who
has field experience in the Sudan, “A Year Later, US Attack on Factory Still
Hurts Sudan,” Boston Globe, 22 August
1999, sec. F, p. 2. Kenneth Roth, executive director of Human Rights Watch,
warned at once that the bombing had disrupted assistance to 2.4 million people
at risk of starvation and had forced the indefinite postponement of “crucial”
relief efforts in places where dozens of people were dying daily; letter to
President Clinton, 15 September 1998. Online at:
http://www.hrw.org/press98/sept/sudan915.htm. On these and other assessments and related material,
see my 9-11 (New York: Seven Stories
Press, 2001), pp. 45ff.
36
Christopher Hitchens, “Knowledge (and Power),” The Nation 274, no. 22 (10 June 2002): p. 9. Online at:
http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml%3Fi=20020610&s=hitchens.
37
George W. Bush cited in Anthony Shadid, “US Rebuffs
Second Iraq Offer on Arms Inspection,” Boston
Globe, 6 August 2002, sec. A, p. 1.
38
Richard J. Aldrich, “America Used Islamists to Arm the Bosnian
Muslims,” Guardian (London), 22 April 2002, Leader, p. 16.
39
National Intelligence
Council, Global Trends 2015, op. cit.
40
Kenneth Waltz in Booth and
Dunne, eds., Worlds in Collision, op.
cit. Also see p. 123 of Hegemony or Survival.
41
International lawyer for
multinationals quoted by Neil MacFarquhar, “Saudi
Dilemma: A Native Son, a Heinous Act,” New
York Times, 5 October 2001, sec. A, p. 1.
42
Sumit Ganguly, “Putting South Asia Back
Together Again,” Current History 100,
no. 650 (December 2001): pp. 410–14;
Philip C. Wilcox, Jr., US ambassador at large for counterterrorism, 1994–97,
“The Terror,” New York Review of Books 48,
no. 16 (18 October 2001); Rohan Gunaratna
quoted by Thomas Powers, “Secrets of
September 11,” New York Review of Books
49, no. 15 (10 October 2002). Wolfowitz quoted in Vanity Fair, interview by Sam Tennenhaus, 9 May 2003; he is referring specifically to the
US presence in Saudi Arabia.
43
“Death in Riyadh: Crushing
al-Qaeda Will Require Might and Right,” editorial, Financial Times (London), 14 May 2003,
p. 22; P. W. Singer, “America and the Islamic World,” Current History 101, no. 658 (November 2002): pp. 355–64; Daniel Byman, “The War on Terror Requires Subtler Weapons,” Financial Times (London), 27 May 2003,
p. 17.
44
Anthony Shadid,
“Old Arab Friends Turn Away From U.S.,” Washington
Post, 26 February 2003, sec. A, p. 1.
45
James A. Bill and Rebecca
Bill Chavez, “The Politics of Incoherence: The United States and the Middle
East,” Middle East Journal 56, no. 4
(autumn 2002): pp. 562–75. Online at:
http://www.mideasti.org/pdf/Bill%20galley562-575.pdf.
46
David Johnston and Don Van Natta, Jr., “U.S. Officials See Signs of a Revived Al Qaeda,” New York
Times, 17 May 2003, sec. A, p. 1. Byman, “The War
on Terror Requires Subtler Weapons,” Financial
Times, 27 May 2003, p. 17. Don Van Natta, Jr.,
and Desmond Butler, “Anger on Iraq Seen as New Qaeda
Recruiting Tool,” New York Times, 16
March 2003, sec. 1, p. 1. Scott Atran, “Who Wants to
Be a Martyr?,” New York Times, 5 May
2003, sec. A, p. 23.
47
Faye Bowers, “Al Qaeda May Be Rebuilding,” Christian Science Monitor, 5 May 2003, p. 1.
48
Jason Burke, “The Return of
al Qaeda: The Tentacles of Terror,” Observer (London), Sunday, 18 May 2003,
p. 17. Jessica Stern, “How America Created a Terrorist Haven,” New York Times, 20 August 2003, sec. A,
p. 21.
49
For further quotes and
background, see Gilbert Achcar, The Clash of Barbarisms: September 11 and the Making of the New World
Disorder (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2002), pp. 58ff. That these are
their goals is also assumed by Washington planners; see Wolfowitz
interview, Vanity Fair, op. cit.
50
Michael Kranish,
“US Company Has Long History with Saudis,” Boston
Globe, 15 May 2003, sec. A, p. 20; Joseph B. Treaster,
“Compound Was a Lure for Terror, Experts Say,” New York Times, 14 May 2003, sec. A, p. 12.
51
Michael Ignatieff,
“The Burden,” New York Times Magazine,
5 January 2003, sec. 6, pp. 22–30.
52
Ami Ayalon
interview in Le Monde, 22 December 2001, reprinted in Roane Carey and Jonathan Shanin, The Other
Israel: Voices of Refusal and Dissent (New York: New Press, 2002). Uri Sagie, Lights
within the Fog (in Hebrew; Tel Aviv: Yedioth Ahronoth-Chemed, 1998), pp. 300ff.
53
Yehoshaphat Harkabi cited by Amnon Kapeliouk, Le Monde diplomatique, February 1986.
54
For sources and background discussion, see my World Orders, Old and New, op. cit., pp. 79, 201ff. Now also Salim Yaqub, “Imperious
Doctrines: U.S.-Arab Relations from Dwight D. Eisenhower to George W. Bush,” Diplomatic History 26, no. 4 (fall
2002): pp. 571–91.
55
Peter Waldman et al., “The Question in the Rubble: Why Us?,” Wall Street Journal, 14 September 2001,
sec. A, p. 6; see also Waldman and Hugh Pope, “Worlds Apart: Some Muslims Fear
War on Terrorism Is Really a War on Them,” Wall
Street Journal, 21 September 2001, sec. A, p. 1. See my 9-11, op. cit., and, for more detail, Middle East Illusions, op. cit., chapter
10.
56
Ahmed Rashid, “Is Terror Worse Than Oppression,” Far Eastern Economic Review (Hong Kong)
165, no. 30 (1 August 2002): pp. 12–15. American University of Cairo Professor
El Lozy, writer Azizuddin
El-Kaissouni, and Warren Bass of the Council on
Foreign Relations quoted by Joyce Koh, “‘Two-Faced’
US Policy Blamed for Arab Hatred,” Straits
Times (Singapore), 14 August 2002.
57
Youssef M. Ibrahim, “Democracy: We Must Be Careful What We Wish For,” Washington Post, National Weekly
Edition, 31 March 2003; and, “Democracy: Be Careful What You Wish For,” Washington Post, March 23, 2002, sec. B,
p. 3.
58
Jonathan Steele, “It Feels
Like 1967 All Over Again,” Guardian (London),
9 April 2003, Comment & Analysis, p. 22.
59
Susan Sachs, “Egyptian
Intellectual Speaks of the Arab World’s Despair,” New York Times, 8 April 2003, sec. B, p. 1.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 9
1
John Rockwell, “The
Aftermath: Peering Into the Abyss of the Future,” New York Times, 23 September 2001, sec. 2, p. 1.
2
Paul Krugman,
“A No-Win Outcome,” New York Times,
21 December 2001, sec. A, p. 39.
3
STRATCOM, Essentials
of Post–Cold War Deterrence, 1995. Declassified text online at:
http://www.nautilus.org/nukestrat/USA/Advisory/Essentials95.txt. For more extensive quotes, see my New Military Humanism, op. cit., chapter
6. On subsequent presidential directives, see Center for Defense Information, Defense Monitor 29, no. 3 (2000). See
Morton Mintz, “Two Minutes to Launch,” American Prospect 12, no. 4 (26 February
2001): pp. 25–29, on the legislative bar to de-alerting. Online at:
http://www.prospect.org/print/V12/4/mintz-m.html.
On the 1969 alert, intended to
“signal” to Moscow US intentions in Vietnam, see Scott D. Sagan
and Jeremi Suri, “The
Madman Nuclear Alert: Secrecy, Signaling, and Safety in October
1969,” International Security 27, no. 4 (spring 2003): pp. 150–83. The
most crucial events ignored were a serious Russia-China border conflict, which
might have led to Russian misinterpretation of the “signal,” with grim
consequences.
4
See chapter 5, note 29, of Hegemony or Survival.
5
Scott Peterson, “Loose Nukes Get Shortchanged?,” Christian Science Monitor, 9 May 2001,
p. 6; Walter Pincus, “Bush Targets Russia
Nuclear Programs for Cuts,” Washington Post, 18 March 2001, sec. A, p. 23. A terse announcement suggested a
possible reversal of the policy, in reaction to 9-11; Elisabeth Bumiller, “U.S. Drops Threat to Cut Aid to Russia
For Disarming,” New York Times, 28 December 2001, sec. A, p. 7. On successes of cooperative
threat reduction initiated by Senators Sam Nunn and Richard Lugar, see Michael Krepon, “Dominators Rule,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 59, no. 1 (January-February
2003): pp. 55–60. Online at:
http://www.thebulletin.org/issues/2003/jf03/jf03krepon.html.
6
Steven Lee Myers, “Study Said to Find U.S. Missile Shield Might
Incite China,” New York Times, 10
August 2000, sec. A, p. 1; Bob Drogin and Tyler
Marshall, “Missile Shield Analysis Warns of Arms Buildup,” Los Angeles Times, 19 May 2000, p. 1; Michael Byers, “Back to the
Cold War?,” London Review of Books 22,
no. 12 (22 June 2000). Online at:
http://www.lrb.co.uk/v22/n12/byer01_.html.
See also Michael R. Gordon and
Steven Lee Myers, “Risk of Arms Race Seen in U.S. Design of Missile Defense,” New York Times, 28 May 2000, sec. 1, p.
1, and Glaser and Fetter, “National
Missile Defense,” op. cit.
7
David E. Sanger, “U.S. Will Drop Objections To China’s
Missile Buildup,” New York Times, 2 September 2001, sec. 1, p. 1; Sanger, “U.S.
Restates Its Stand On Missiles In China,” New York Times, 5 September 2001, sec. A, p. 3; Jane Perlez, “Chinese Firm Is Punished By the U.S. For
Arms Sale,” New York Times, 2 September 2001, sec. 1, p. 9. Clinton: see William J. Broad, “U.S.-Russian
Talks Revive Old Debates on Nuclear Warnings,” New York Times, 1 May 2000, sec. A, p. 8.
8
Steinbruner and
Lewis, “The Unsettled Legacy of the Cold War,” op. cit.
9
David Ruppe,
“Nuclear Weapons: RAND Report Says Accidental Launch Threat Growing,” Global Security Newswire, 22 May 2003.
Online at:
http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/newswires/2003_5_22.html.
Rand Corporation, Beyond the Nuclear
Shadow, May 2003. Online at:
http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1666/.
Paul Webster, “Just Like Old Times,” Bulletin
of the Atomic Scientists 59, no. 4 (July–August 2003): p. 30. Online at:
http://www.thebulletin.org/issues/2003/ja03/ja03webster.html.
10
Judith Miller, “Study Urges More Action to Cut Risks
From Weapons Stockpiles,” New York Times, 20 January 2003, sec. A,
p. 14.
11
Krepon, “Dominators Rule,” op. cit.
12
Michael R. Gordon, “Nuclear
Arms: For Deterrence or Fighting?,” New
York Times, 11 March 2002, sec. A, p. 1. Eric Schmitt, “U.S. Tries To
Explain New Policy For A-Bomb,” 11 March 2002, sec. A, p. 8. William M. Arkin, “The Nuclear Option in Iraq,” Los
Angeles Times, 26
January 2003, sec. M, p. 1.
13
Carl Hulse
and James Dao, “Cold War Long Over, Bush Administration Examines Steps to a
Revamped Arsenal,” New York Times, 29
May 2003, sec. A, p. 23.
14
Scott Baldauf, “US
May Stoke Asian Arms Race,” Christian
Science Monitor, 15 May 2003, p. 6.
15
Peter Slevin,
“Analysts: New Strategy Courts Unseen Dangers; First Strike Could Be Precedent
for Other Nations,” Washington Post,
22 September 2002, sec. A, p. 1.
16
McGeorge Bundy, Danger
and Survival: Choices about the Bomb in the First Fifty Years (New York:
Random House, 1988), p. 326. Bundy is skeptical about the prospects, but his
subjective judgment does not bear on the point here.
17
Adam B. Ulam, “A Few Unresolved Mysteries about Stalin
and the Cold War in Europe: A Modest Agenda for Research,” Journal
of Cold War Studies 1, no. 1
(winter 1999): pp. 100–16. Online at:
http://matilde.ingentaselect.com/vl=2491866/cl=80/nw=1/rpsv/catchword/mitpress/15203972/v1n1/s5/p110. Melvyn P. Leffler, “Inside
Enemy Archives: The Cold War Reopened,” Foreign
Affairs 75, no. 4 (July–August 1996): pp. 120–35. James Warburg, Germany:
Key to Peace (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953), pp. 189ff.
18
See chapter 4, note 3, of Hegemony or Survival.
19
Kenneth N. Waltz, “America as a Model for the
World? A Foreign Policy Perspective,” PS: Political Science &
Politics 24, no. 4 (December
1991): pp. 667–70. Garthoff and Kaufmann cited in my Deterring Democracy, op. cit., p. 26.
20
See particularly US Space Command, Vision for 2020, February 1997. Online at:
http://www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/usspac/.
21
High
Frontier (Heritage Foundation) cited by Gordon Mitchell, “The
American National Missile Defence: Political
Implications and Impact on Disarmament,” presentation to the Centre for Defence Studies, Royal Defence
College (Brussels, Belgium), 30 January 2001. See Gordon R. Mitchell, Strategic Deception: Rhetoric, Science, and
Politics in Missile Defense Advocacy (East Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State
University Press, 2000).
22
Garthoff, A Journey through the Cold War, op.
cit., pp. 357–58.
23
Jack Hitt,
“Battlefield: Space,” New York Times
Magazine, 5 August 2001, sec. 6, pp. 30–39, quoting intelligence consultant
George Friedman.
24
David Pugliese, National Post (Toronto), 24 May 2000. See also Pugliese,
“Missile System to ‘Preserve’ American Dominance: Threat of Rogue
Attack Highly Unlikely, Defence Documents Say,” Ottawa Citizen, 24 May 2000, sec. A, p.
1.
25
Sha Zukang cited by Michael R. Gordon, “China,
Fearing a Bolder U.S., Takes Aim on Proposed National Missile Shield,” New
York Times, 29 April
2001, sec. 1, p. 10. EP-3 quote from William M. Arkin,
“The Last Word: Nuclear Posturing,” Bulletin
of the Atomic Scientists 57, no. 3 (May–June 2001): p. 80. Online at:
http://www.thebulletin.org/issues/2001/mj01/mj01lastword.html.
26
Andrew J. Bacevich, “Different Drummers, Same Drum,” National Interest, no. 64 (summer 2001):
pp. 67–77; Lawrence F. Kaplan, “Offensive Line,” New Republic 224, no. 11 (12 March 2001): p. 20. Rand study cited
by Kaplan.
27
See pp. 42–43 of Hegemony or Survival.
28
Michael Krepon, “Lost
in Space: The Misguided Drive Toward Antisatellite
Weapons,” Foreign Affairs 80, no. 3 (May–June 2001): pp. 2–8. Online at:
http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010501facomment4763/michael-krepon/lost-in-space-the-misguided-drive-toward-antisatellite-weapons.html. See also his comments in Hitt,
“Battlefield Space,” op. cit. Gordon
Mitchell, “Japan-U.S. Missile Defense Collaboration: Rhetorically
Delicious, Deceptively Dangerous,” Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 25, no. 1 (winter 2001): pp. 85–108, citing Charles Perrow. Online at:
http://www.pitt.edu/~gordonm/JPubs/JapanTMD.pdf. See also Karl Grossman, Weapons in Space (New York: Seven Stories, 2001).
29
Air Force Space Command, Strategic
Master Plan (SMP) FY04 and Beyond, 5 November 2002. Online at:
http://www.peterson.af.mil/hqafspc/library/AFSPCPAOffice/Final%2004%20SMP--Signed!.pdf.
30
William M. Arkin, “The Best Defense,” Los Angeles Times, 14 July 2002, sec. M, p. 1. Michael J. Sniffen, AP, “Pentagon Developing System to Track Every
Vehicle in a City,” 1 July 2003.
31
Hannah Hoag, “Neuroengineering: Remote Control,” Nature 423, no. 6942 (19 June 2003): pp. 796–98.
32
See chapter 7, note 10, of Hegemony or Survival.
33
Tomas Valasek, “Europe’s Missile Defense
Options,” CDI Defense Monitor 30, no.
3 (March 2001): pp. 6ff. Online at:
http://www.cdi.org/program/document.cfm?DocumentID=1602&StartRow=1&ListRows=10&appendURL=&Orderby=D.DateLastUpdated%20deSC&programID=75&IssueID=0&Issue=&Date_From=&Date_To=&Keywords=valasek&ContentType=&Author=&from_page=documents.cfm. Mitchell, “Japan-U.S. Missile Defense
Collaboration,” op. cit.
34
See p. 121 of Hegemony or Survival. Agence France-Presse, “Annan Pleads for Accord at UN Disarmament
Conference,” 23 January 2001.
Reuters, 15 February 2001; reported in the Deseret News (Salt Lake City), virtually the only coverage of the 2001
conference meetings in the US media. Frances Williams, “China Calls for Ban on
‘Weaponisation’ of Space,” Financial Times, 8 June 2001, p. 6.
35
Judith Miller, “Chemical Weapons Ban May Suffer
for Lack of Dues From Treaty’s Parties,” New York Times, 27 April 2001, sec. A, p. 7; Marlise
Simons, “Money Short for Battle on Chemicals Used in War,” New
York Times, 5
October 2001, sec. A, p. 9; Michael R. Gordon and Judith Miller, “U.S.
Germ Warfare Review Faults Plan on Enforcement,” New
York Times, 20 May
2001, sec. 1, p. 5; Richard Waddington, Reuters, “U.S. Snarls Germ Warfare
Talks,” Boston Globe, 8 December
2001. Oliver Meier, “Neither Trust Nor Verify, Says U.S.,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 57, no. 6 (November–December
2001): pp. 19–22. Michael R. Gordon, “Germ Warfare Talks Open in
London; U.S. Is the Pariah,” New York Times, 24 July 2001, sec. A, p. 11. See also William J. Broad and Judith
Miller, “U.S. Recently Produced Anthrax in a Highly Lethal Powder
Form,” New York Times, 13 December 2001, sec. A, p. 1.
36
Mark Wheelis
and Malcolm Dando, “Back to Bioweapons?,”
and Catherine Auer, “Killer ‘Non-Lethals,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 59,
no. 1 (January–February 2003): pp. 40–46. Online at:
http://www.thebulletin.org/issues/2003/jf03/jf03wheelis.html.
On Soviet programs in gross violation of treaty obligations, see William Broad,
Judith Miller, and Stephen Engelberg, Germs: Biological Weapons and America’s
Secret War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001).
37
“Going it Alone,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 58,
no. 4 (July–August 2002): pp. 36–37, reviewing these and similar administration
initiatives. George Perkovich, “Bush’s Nuclear
Revolution: A Regime Change in Nonproliferation,” Foreign Affairs 82, no. 3 (March–April 2003): pp. 2ff.
38
See p. 121 of Hegemony or Survival.
39
Rachel Corrie
was killed by Israeli forces in Gaza in March 2003 with a US-supplied
bulldozer, one of Israel’s most destructive weapons; see p. 181 of Hegemony or Survival. Murdered might be the more appropriate
term, to judge by eyewitness reports. The killing of an American citizen by US
clients using US equipment was not considered worthy of inquiry, even more than
the barest report.
40
Cited by Judy Toth, “Bertrand Russell’s Relevance Today,” Bertrand Russell Society Quarterly,
February 2003. Online version of Toth’s 28 March 1999 speech at:
http://www.ethicalstl.org/platform032899.shtml.
Copyright © 2003 Aviva Chomsky, Diane Chomsky, and Harry Chomsky